Открытый доступ Открытый доступ  Ограниченный доступ Доступ для подписчиков

Защита силовых трансформаторов от токов геомагнитной индукции (по материалам СИГРЭ-2024) Часть 4

А. А. Кувшинов, В. В. Вахнина, А. Ю. Хренников

Аннотация


Представленный материал является попыткой классифицировать все опубликованные сообщения о геомагнитных воздействиях на электрические системы, показать их возникновение в контексте изменения солнечного цикла и геомагнитной активности за период с 1844 по 2016 г., а также механизм влияния токов геомагнитной индукции (ГИТ) на электротехническое электрооборудование, способы защиты силовых трансформаторов от ГИТ (по материалам СИГРЭ-2024, в частности доклад № 10784 — подкомитет A2). Части 1 и 2 посвящены проблематике возникновения геомагнитных бурь и геомагнитных возмущений в электроэнергетических системах, истории начала фиксации возникновения геомагнитных возмущений и регистрации ГИТ в энергосистемах в разных странах в Северном и Южном полушариях Земли. Рассмотрены вопросы защиты силовых трансформаторов от токов геомагнитной индукции, применение резистивно-тиристорного заземления нейтрали и других способов защиты. В ч. 3 изложены вопросы испытаний силовых трансформаторов постоянным током для имитации ГИТ, которые включают в себя общие положения об угрозе ГИТ, схему высоковольтной линии постоянного тока HVDC Новой Зеландии, методологию инжекции постоянного тока, выбор трансформатора для эксперимента, измерения показателей качества напряжения, возникновение высших гармоник, вибрацию силовых трансформаторов, уровни звука от стенки бака трансформатора. В ч. 4 изложены результаты моделирования магнитных полей трансформаторов при насыщении магнитных систем геоиндуцированными токами, термическая модель силового трансформатора, а также характеристика поглощения в приполярной (авроральной) зоне на основе глобальных коэффициентов Kp и региональных геомагнитных почасовых индексов.

DOI: 10.71527/EP.BE.2026.09.333


Ключевые слова


электроэнергетическая система, приполярные районы, геоиндуцированный ток, силовой трансформатор, резистивно-тиристорное заземление нейтрали.

Полный текст:

PDF

Литература


Ушаков И. И. Устройства безударного включения силовых трансформаторов — современный инструмент повышения надежности электроснабжения // Энергоэксперт. 2016. № 6. С. 36 – 39.

Электродинамическая стойкость трансформаторов и реакторов при коротких замыканиях: Сб. статей / Под ред. А. И. Лурье. М.: Знак, 2005.

Viljanen A. Geomagnetically induced currents in Europe / A. Viljanen, R Pirjola, E. Pracser E, et al. // Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2014. Vol. 4.

Сурков В. В. Электромагнитные эффекты при землетрясениях и взрывах. М.: Изд. Моск. гос. инж.-физ. ин-та (техн. ун-та), 2000.

Чаплыгин Е. Е., Ковырзина О. С. Компенсация неактивных составляющих полной мощности дуговых сталеплавильных печей // Электричество. 2009. № 11. С. 30 – 38.

Vakhnina V. V., Shapovalov V. A., Kuznetsov V. N., Kretov D. A. The influence of geomagnetic storms on thermal processes in the tank of a power transformer // Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on. 2015. Vol. No. 30. Issue: 4. P. 1702 – 1707.

Meeker D. C. Finite Element Method Magnetics. Version 4.2 (03 Nov 2013 Build). — URL: http: // www.femm.info.

Тихомиров П. М. Расчет трансформаторов: уч. пособие для вузов. М.: Ленанд, 2014.

Буль О. Б. Методы расчёта магнитных систем электрических аппаратов. М.: Academia, 2005.

Кувшинов А. А. Особенности воздействия квазипостоянных токов на силовые трансформаторы систем электроснабжения / А. А. Кувшинов, В. В Вахнина, О. И Самолина О. И. и др. // Промышленная энергетика. 2015. № 9. С. 2 – 8.

Вахнина В. В., Кувшинов А. А., Кузнецов В. Н., Шаповалов В. А. Моделирование одностороннего насыщения магнитных систем силовых трансформаторов электроэнергетических систем // Градостроительство и архитектура. 2018. Т. 8. № 1. С. 117 – 123.

Picher P. Transformer digital twin-concept and future perspectives’ / P. Picher, et al. // Presented at the Cigre SC A2 & 6th International Colloquium ‘Transformer Research and Asset Management, Split, Croatia, 2023.

IEC TR 61850-90-3 Communication networks and systems for power utility automation. P. 90 – 3: Using IEC 61850 for condition monitoring diagnosis and analysis, 2016. Accessed: Jan. 25, 2024. — URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/24777.

IEC 60076-7:2018 Power transformers. P. 7: Loading guide for mineral-oil-immersed power transformers. 2018. Accessed: Dec. 08, 2017. — URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/34351.

IEC 60076-2:201 Power transformers. P. 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformers, 2011.

IEEE C57.91 IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-Voltage Regulators, 2011.

Wang L. Improved Dynamic Thermal Model With Pre-Physical Modeling for Transformers in ONAN Cooling Mode / L. Wang, et al. // IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 34. No. 4. P. 1442 – 1450, Aug. 2019.

Portillo F. Dynamic Thermal Modelling of Power Transformer with Variable Tap Position / F. Portillo, A. Portillo, T. Gradnik, et al. // in Cigre SC A2 & 6th International Colloquium Transformer Research and Asset Management, Split, Croatia, Nov. 2023.

Picher P., Proulx S. Dynamic thermal modeling and overload testing for optimization of transformer loadability in the context of energy transition // Presented at the CIGRE Canada Conference & Expo, Calgary, 2022.

Rajotte C., Picher P. Experience with transformer loading tests and direct temperature measurements in the laboratory and in service // Presented at the CIGRE Session 2018, Paris, 2018.

Zhang X. Investigation of Alternative Liquids and Ambient Temperature on Transformer Thermal Behaviour / X. Zhang, et al. // Presented at the CIGRE Colloquium SCA2 / SCB2 / SCD1, India, 2019.

Al-Abadi A., Wu W., Yadava J. Thermal Performance Analysis of Liquid-Filled Large Distribution Transformers by Enhancing Thermal Hydraulic Modelling with CFD // Cigre SC A2 & 6th International Colloquium “Transformer Research and Asset Management”, Split, Croatia, Nov. 2023.

Scatiggio F., Pepe F., Sacco S., Serafino C. Increased Loadability of Transformers Immersed in Natural Ester // IEEE 20th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL), Roma, Italy: IEEE, Jun. 2019. P. 1 – 4.

Fritsche R., Geissler M., Pukel G., Wolmarans C. The use of a Bio-Based Hydrocarbon Insulating Liquid in Power Transformers // IEEE 21st International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL), Sevilla, Spain. May 2022. P. 1 – 5.

Susa D., Lehtonen M., Nordman H. Dynamic Thermal Modelling of Power Transformers / IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. Vol. 20. No. 1. P. 197 – 204, Jan. 2005.

Gradnik T., Lukan T., Cucek B., Koncan-Gradnik M. Impact of Ageing on Thermal Properties of Power Transformer Insulating Liquids // IEEE 21st International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL), Sevilla, Spain. May 2022. P. 1 – 4.

CIGRE A2.60 Dynamic Transformer Thermal Model Benchmarking platform. 2023. — URL: https://gitlab.com/cigrea2.60/cigre-dttm-benchmarking-platform.

Gradnik T., Zhang X., Lupandina I., Vidmar E. M. Dynamic Thermal Modelling of Power Transformer with Variable Cooling Stages // Cigre SC A2 & 6th International Colloquium “Transformer Research and Asset Management”, Split, Croatia, Nov. 2023.

Gradnik T. Metrics for benchmarking and evaluation of dynamic transformer thermal models / T. Gradnik, X. Zhang, I. Lupandina, et al. // in Cigre SC A2 & 6th International Colloquium “Transformer Research and Asset Management”, Split, Croatia, Nov. 2023.

Gradnik T. Improvement and Validation of IEC Dynamic Transformer Thermal Model / T. Gradnik, X. Zhang, I. Lupandina, et al. // CIGRE WG A2.60. Paper ID-10920 A2 Power Transformers and Reactors PS2: Advances in transformer analytics, 2024 Paris Session.

Agy V. HF radar and auroral absorption. Radio Science. 1970. No. 5(11). P. 1317 – 1324.

Baker D. N. Near-equatorial, high-resolution measurements of electron precipitation at L » 6.6 / D. N. Baker, P. Stauning, E. W. Jr. Hones, et al. // Journal of Geophysical Research. 1981. No. 86(A4). P. 2295 – 2313.

Basler R. P. Radio wave absorption in the auroral ionosphere // Journal of Geophysical Research. 1963. No. 68(16). P. 4665 – 4681.

Chisham G. A decade of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN): Scientific achievements, new techniques and future directions / G. Chisham, M. Lester, S. E. Milan, et al. // Surveys in Geophysics. 2007. No. 28(1). P. 33 – 109.

Thayaparan T., Ibrahim Y., Polak J., Riddolls R. (2018). High-frequency over-the-horizon-radar in Canada // IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2018. No. 15(11). P. 1700 – 1704.

Cannon P. Extreme space weather: Impacts on engineered systemsand infrastructure / P. Cannon, M. Angling, L. Barclay, et al. London: Royal Academy of Engineering, 2013.

Special topics in HF propagation / V. J. Coyne (Ed) // AGARD Conf. Proc. No. 263, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, AGART, 1979. — URL: https://books.google.ca/books/about/Special_Topics_in_HF_Propagation.html?id=sCbK4miK2t8C&redir_esc=y.

Neal J. J., Rodger C. J., Green, J. C. Empirical determination of solar proton access to the atmosphere: Impact on polar flightpaths // Space Weather. 2013. No. 11. P. 4320 – 4333.

Pirjola R. Space weather risk / R. Pirjola, K. Kauristie, H. Lappalainen et. al. // Space Weather. 2005. № 3, S02A02.

Frissell N. A. Ionospheric sounding using real-time amateurradio reporting networks / N. A. Frissell, E. S. Miller, S. R. Kaeppler, et al. // Space Weather. 2014. No. 12(12). P. 651 – 656.

Hargreaves J. K. Auroral radio absorption: The prediction question // Advances in Space Research. 2010. No. 45. P. 1075 – 1092.

Kavanagh A. J. The statistical dependence of auroral absorption on geomagnetic and solar wind parameters / A. J. Kavanagh, M. J. Kosch, F. Honary, et al. // Annales de Geophysique. 2004. No. 22(3). P. 877 – 887.

Driatsky V. M. Study of the space and time distribution of auroral absorption according to observations of the riometer network in the Arctic // Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 1966. No. 6. P. 828.

Frank-Kamenetsky A., Troshichev O. A relationship between the auroral absorption and the magnetic activity in the polar cap // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar – Terrestrial Physics. 2012. 77. P. 40 – 45.

Hargreaves J. K. Auroral absorption of HF radio waves in the ionosphere: A review of results from the first decade of riometry // Proceedings of the IEEE. 1969. No. 57(8). P. 1348 – 1373.

Hartz T. R., Montbriand L. E., Vogan E. L. A study of auroral absorption at 30 M/s // Canadian Journal of Physics. 1963. № 41.

Hook J. L. Morphology of auroral zone radio wave absorption in the Alaska sector // Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1968. No. 30(7). P. 1341 – 1351.

Yamagishi H. Conjugate features of auroras observed by TV camerasand imaging riometers at auroral zone and polar cap conjugate-pair stations / H. Yamagishi, Y. Fujita, N. Sato, et al. // Polar Cap Boundary Phenomena, NATO ASI Series (Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences). Dordrecht: Springer, 1998. Vol. 509.

Newell P. T., Greenwald R. A., Ruohoniemi J. M. The role of the ionosphere in aurora and space weather // Reviews of Geophysics. 2001. No. 39(2). P. 137 – 149.

Fiori R. A. D., Danskin D. W. Examination of the relationship between riometer-derived absorption and the integral proton flux in the context of modeling polar cap absorption // Space Weather. 2016. No. 14, P. 1032 – 1052.

Rogers N. C. Improving the twilight model for polar cap absorptionnowcasts / N. C. Rogers, A. Kero, F. Honary // Space Weather. No. 14. P. 950 – 972.

Rogers N. C., Honary F. Assimilation of real-time riometer measurements into models of 30 MHz polar cap absorption // Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2015. No. 5. P. 1 – 18.

Sauer H., Wilkinson D. C. Global mapping of ionospheric HF / VHF radio wave absorption due to solar energetic protons // Space Weather. 2008. No. 6. S12002.

Foppiano A. J., Bradley P. A. Prediction of auroral absorption of high-frequency waves at oblique incidence // Telecommunication Journal. 1983. No. 50(10). P. 547 – 560.

Foppiano A. J., Bradley P. A. Day-to-day variability of riometer absorption // Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1984. No. 46(8). P. 689 – 696.

Hargreaves J. K. On the variation of auroral radio absorption with geomagnetic activity // Planetary and Space Science. 1966. No. 14. P. 991 – 1006.

Hargreaves J. K. Seasonal variations in the incidence of auroral radio absorption events at very high latitude, and the influence of the magnetotail // Annales de Geophysique. 2007. No. 25. P. 711 – 720.

Hargreaves J. K., Cowley F. C. Studies of auroral radio absorption events at three magnetic latitudes — I. Occurrence and statistical properties of the events // Planetary and Space Science. 1967. No. 15. P. 1571 – 1583.

Hargreaves J. K. Observations of the polar cap absorption event of February 1984 by the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar / J. K. Hargreaves, H. Ranta, A. Ranta, et al. // Planetary and Space Science. 1987. No. 35(7). P. 947 – 958.

Holt C., Landmark B., Lied F. Analysis of riometer observations obtained during polar radio blackouts // Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 1961. No. 23. P. 229 – 230.

Van de Kamp M. An updated model providing long-term data sets of energetic electron precipitation, including zonal dependence / M. Van de Kamp, C. J. Rodger, A. Seppälä et al. // Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2018. No. 123. P. 9891 – 9915.

Starkov G. V. Mathematical model of the auroral boundaries // Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 1994. No. 34(3). P. 331 – 336.

Kellerman A. C., Makarevich R. A. The response of auroral absorption to substorm onset: Superposed epoch and propagation analyses // Journal of Geophysical Research. 2011. No. 116. A05312.

Sergeev V. A. Toward the reconstruction of sub-storm-related dynamical pattern of the radiowave auroral absorption / V. A. Sergeev, M. A. Shukhtina, N. A. Stepanov, et al. // Space Weather. 2020. No. 18.

Rodger C. J., Kavanagh A. J., Clilverd M. A., Marple S. R. Comparison between POES energetic electron precipitation obser-vations and riometer absorptions: Implications for determining true precipitation fluxes // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2013. No. 118. P. 7810 – 7821.

Ogunmodimu O. A. Auroral radio absorption: Modelling and prediction (PhD thesis). Lancaster University, 2016.

Spanswick E. Substorm associated spikes in high energy particleprecipitation / E. Spanswick, E. Donova, W. Liu, et al. // Geophysical Monograph Series. 2005. Vol. 155. P. 227 – 236. American Geophysical Union.

Lilliput effect in freshwater ostracods during the Permian – Triassic extinction / Chu, et al. // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2015. 435. P. 38 – 52.

Rostoker G. Canopus—A ground-based instrument array for remote sensing the high latitude ionosphere during the ISTP / GGS program / G. Rostoker, J. C. Samson, F. Creutzberg, et al. // Space Science Reviews. 1995. No. 71(1). P. 743 – 760.

Danskin D. W., Boteler D., Donovan E., Spanswick E. The Canadian riometer array // Proc. of the 12 th International Ionospheric Effects Symposium, 2008.

Shepherd S. G. Altitude-adjusted corrected geomagnetic coordinates: Definition and functional approximations // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2014. No. 119. P. 7501 – 7521.

NORthern Solar Terrestrial ARray (NORSTAR. Canopus quiet day curve generation, 2014. — URL: http://aurora.phys.ucal-gary.ca/norstar/rio/doc/CANOPUS_Riometer_Baselining.pdf (accessed 01 March 2019).

Nielsen E., Honary F. Observations of ionospheric flows and particle precipitation following a sudden commencement // Annalesde Heophisique. 2000. No. 18. P. 908 – 917.

a) Serson P. H. An electrical recording magnetometer // Canadian Journal of Physics. 1957. No. 35(12). P. 1387 – 1394. б) Shepherd S. G. Altitude-adjusted corrected geomagnetic coordinates: Definition and functional approximations // Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2014. No. 119. P. 7501 – 7521.

Hruska J., Coles R. L. A new type of magnetic activity forecast for high geomagnetic latitudes // Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity. 1987. No. 39(9). P. 521 – 534.

Trichtchenko L. Canadian space weather services / L. Trichtchenko, H.-L. Lam, D. H. Boteler, et al. // Canadian Aeronauticsand Space Journal. 2009. No. 55(2). P. 107 – 113.

Menvielle M., Berthelier. The K-derived planetary indices: Description and availability // Reviews of Geophysics. 1991. No. 29(3). P. 415 – 432.

Frissell N. A. (2019). High-frequency communicationsresponse to solar activity in September 2017 as observed by amateur radio networks / N. A. Frissell, J. S. Vega, E. Markowitz, et al. // Space Weather. 2019. No. 17. P. 118 – 132.

Redmon R. J. September 2017’s geoeffective space weather and impacts to Caribbean radio communications during hurricane response / R. J. Redmon, D. B. Seaton, R. Steenburgh, et al. // Space Weather. 2018. No. 16. P. 1190 – 1201.

Sigernes F. Two methods to forecast auroral displays / F. Sigernes, M. Dyrland, P. Brekke, et al. // Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 2011. No. 1. A03.

Mayaud P. N. Analyse d’une série centenaire d’indices d’activité magnétique, III, La distribution de fréquence estelle logarithmonormale? // Annales de Geophysique. 1976. No. 32. P. 443.

Desai M., Giacalone J. Large gradual solar energetic particle events // Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 2016. No. 13. P. 3.

Analysis of geomagnetic hourly ranges // Space Weather. 2015. No. 13. P. 458 – 468.

Davis T. N., Sugiura M. Auroral electrojet activity index AE and its universal time variations // Journal of Geophysical Research. 1996. No. 71(3). P. 785 – 801.

Basler R. P. Radio wave absorption in the auroral ionosphere // Journal of Geophysical Research. 1963. No. 68(16). P. 4665 – 4681.

International Civil Aviation Organization. Annex 3 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation, ICAO International Standards and Recommended Practices, Twentieth Edition, July 2018., http://store.icao.int/products/annex-3-meteorological-service- for-international- air-navigation (last accessed 11 June 2020).

International Civil Aviation Organization (2019). Manual on space weather information in support of International Air Navigation, ICAODoc 10100, First Edition, https://store.icao.int/products/ manual-on-space-weather-information-in-support-of-interna- tional-air-navi-gation-doc-10100 (last accessed 11 June 2020).


Ссылки

  • На текущий момент ссылки отсутствуют.


© 1998 — 2025 НТФ «Энергопрогресс»

Адрес редакции:
129090, г. Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 8
Телефон: +7 495 234-74-21
E-mail: energetick@mail.ru